1943

Jan. 14-24:
Casablanca conference between Churchill and Roosevelt during which decision is made that the war can end only with an unconditional German surrender.

Feb. 2:
Germans surrender at Stalingrad in the first big defeat of hitler's armies.

March 16-20:
Battle of Atlantic climaxes with 27 merchant ships sunk by German U-boats.

April 19:
Waffen SS attacks Jewish resistance in Warsaw ghetto.

May 13:
German and Italian troops surrender in North Africa.

May 16:
Jewish resistance in Warsaw ghetto ends.

July 9-10:
Allies land in Sicily.

July 25-26:
mussolini is arrested, and Fascist government fails; Marshal Pietro Badoglio takes over and negotiates with Allies.

Sept. 8:
Italian surrender announced.

Oct. 13:
Italy declares war on Germany.

Nov. 28:
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Tehran Conference.

Dec. 24:
Eisenhower named commander of Operation Overlord, the cross-Channel invasion.